Left coronary artery will be identified under a stereo microscopy. A secure and permenant ligation will be performed. This will result in myocardial infarction, leading to post-MI remodeling and heart failure.

Transverse aorta will be constricted by ligating a blunt needle (27G in mice and 20G in rats) over the vessel and then removing it. This will result in left ventricular overloading, followed by cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction.

A banding will be placed at pulmonary trunk (artery) using a blunt needle (25G in mice and 18G in rats). This will result in right ventricular hypertrophy, followed by right heart failure.

Left coronary artery will usually be occluded for 45 minutes, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion.  This will cause myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Four weeks of reperfusion will lead to left ventricular remodeling.

Renal artery will be occluded unilaterally or bilaterally, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. This will result in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The aorta above the iliac bifurcation and both right and left uterine arcades will be constricted with silver clips. This will cause reduced uterine blood flow in the gravid rodents and induce hypertension in pregnant rodents.

One-side common femoral artery and popliteal artery will be ligated and cut, and the segment between them will be isolated and removed. This will result in hindlimb ischemia.

A sterile catheter will be placed in an artery for continuous blood pressure monitoring, frequent blood sampling, and arterial blood gas measurement.

• Common carotid artery

• Femoral artery

A sterile cannula will be placed in a vein for blood sampling, fluid and drug administration.

• Jugular vein

• Femoral vein

• Portal vein