Animals will receive MI procedure. Then MI mice will usually be treated with vehicle or test articles for 4 weeks in mice and 8 weeks in rats, and sham animals will be used as control group. Cardiac functional and structural changes will be monitored by echocardiography. At the end, cardiac function will be measured by a Millar catheter. Left ventricular remodeling will be evaluated by heart weight/body weight and cardiac fibrosis. More information.

Animals will receive MI procedure. After MI, stem cells or adenoviruses will be injected into the peri-infarct border zone. Cardiac anatomic and functional changes will be monitored by echocardiography. At the end, cardiac function will be measured by a Millar catheter. Left ventricular remodeling will be evaluated by heart weight/body weight and cardiac fibrosis. 

Animals will receive TAC procedure. Then TAC mice will usually be treated with vehicle or test articles for 3 weeks in mice and 8 weeks in rats, and sham animals will be used as control group. Cardiac functional and structural changes will be monitored by echocardiography. At the end, cardiac function will be measured by a Millar catheter. Left ventricular remodeling will be evaluated by heart weight/body weight and cardiac fibrosis. More information.

Diabetic mice (db/db) and control mice (db/+) will receive vehicle and test articles. Blood glucose levels and cardiac structure and function will usually be monitored for 16 weeks by echocardiography. At the end, cardiac function will be measured by a Millar catheter. Cardiac remodeling will be evaluated by heart weight to tibial length ratio and cardiac fibrosis.

Animals will receive pulmonary artery banding (PAB) procedure. Then PAB mice will usually be treated with vehicle or test articles for 3 weeks in mice and 8 weeks for rats, and sham animals will be used as control group. The functional and structural changes in the right ventricle will be monitored by echocardiography. At the end, right ventricular function will be measured by a Millar catheter. Right ventricular remodeling will be evaluated by Fulton index [RV/(LV+S)] and cardiac fibrosis. More information.

Animal hearts will be isolated and mounted onto Langendorff perfusion system. Test articles will be added into perfusion line or buffer to act on the heart. Drug hemodynamic effects will be recorded in LabChart. After ischemia-reperfusion, myocardial infarct size will be measured by TTC staining.

Animals will receive ischemia-reperfusion (IR) procedure. Test articles will be adminitered at reperfusion or before ischemia. Myocardial injury biomarker troponin I, left ventricular function, and myocardial infarct size will be measured at the end of the study. More information.

Animals will received renal IR procedure unilaterally or bilaterally. Test articles will be adminitered at reperfusion or before ischemia. Renal IR injury will be assessed at the end of the study (usually at 24 hours) by measuring biomarker KIM-1 and creatinine levels and histological tubular damage.

Animals will receive RUPP procedure. Test articles will be adminitered before or right after RUPP. After 4 days of observation, the hemodynamic effect wil be measured by a Millar catheter.

A Millar catheter will be placed in the right carotid artery, and it will be connected to a PowerLab system. Arterial blood pressure will be monitored for hours in concious animals. After dosing, hemodynamic responses will be recorded in a computer. 

Test articels will be adminitered into animals through tail vein injection or oral gavage. Blood will be collected at several time points from saphenous vein. Animal responses will be reorded. At the end of study, animals will be euthanized. The blood and tissues will be harvested for toxicity and bioavailability study.